Scale
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Scale insects are common unwelcome visitors on many varieties of houseplants. They spread fast once they get established. That's why it's so important to catch an outbreak in an early stage before it gets out of hand.
The scales that you find on a plant are usually the females of the species. These produce a waxy covering that hardens with time. This covering acts as a shield protecting the pest while she lays her eggs. It's also resistant to some pest treatments, which can make infestations harder to treat.
When scale insects are in their juvenile stage they are active crawlers and freely move around on the plant. They will be most susceptible to pest treatments during this stage. This is why repeat treatments may be necessary to break the scale life-cycle.
SYMPTOMS & IDENTIFICATION
Sometimes it can be difficult to identify a scale infestation, but there are a few key signs to look out for:
Glossy, sticky leaves
Sticky surfaces around your plant
Black spots and patches from sooty mold that has established on the honeydew they excrete
Small bumps that look like scales - mostly on stems, petioles, top side of the leaves and along leaf veins
On outdoor plants - Ants can be seen on plants infested with mealybugs, aphids, white flies or scale insects
It can be hard to tell the difference between actual scale insects and normal parts of the plant or discoloration/spots from e.g. edema or mechanical injuries on the plant. One way to tell them apart is that scale insect are easy to remove with fingernail or tweezers and doesn't leave any marks or dents on the plant. A removed scale insect would be easily squished and identified as a bug.
Although individual scale insects are small, they tend to gather in clusters, which makes them easier to spot. They can vary in size, shape and color between all the different species. Among the most common scale insects are: Brown soft scale, Hemispherical scale and Ivy Scale.
TREATMENT PLAN
Scale insects are difficult and very time-consuming to get rid of. This is the treatment we recommend:
1. Isolate the affected plant
Female adult scales fix themselves in place on their host plant and don't move but newly hatched insects do. Because of this, it’s best to isolate the plant to avoid the spread of young scales, called ‘crawlers’
Make sure to also check surrounding plants for scale insects
2. Fight mechanically by removing all visible protective shields
These act as protection and can prevent pesticides reaching the bug so it's very helpful to remove all the ones you can see. Use tweezers, a rough sponge, a soft brush/toothbrush or your fingernail
Shower your plant with a jet of water to dislodge any crawlers on the plant
3. Treat your plant - Note that some plants, especially their flowers, can react badly to pesticides or soaps so test it on a smaller area of the plant first and treat your plant carefully. Always avoid direct sunlight after application as it can otherwise burn the plant.
Treat your plant with a pesticide or insecticidal soap. There are both contact and systemic treatments that can be used against scale insects
Make sure to wipe windows and wall surfaces where the plant has been placed
Repeat the treatment several times over the next few months
3. Consider using biological pest control
Scale can sometimes be controlled or kept in check with biological controls such as the lady bug Cryptolaemus montrouzieri.
Note: You may consider systemic insecticides if you're unable to remove all the adult scale or if they continue to come back. This will reach all stages of scale, but should be used with caution and as a last resort treatment due to their potency and potential ill effects if released into the environment.
HOW CAN I PREVENT THIS IN THE FUTURE?
Regularly checking your plant’s overall health can help to prevent a repeat infestation. If you do spot a few scale insects, you can use a cotton swab to coat them with alcohol, which will cause them to detach from the plant. If you manage to do this early, it is much easier to prevent a full-scale outbreak.
QUESTIONS ABOUT SCALES
WHERE ARE SCALES USUALLY FOUND? These insects typically prefer warm, dry conditions, and can show up indoors or outdoors. They are usually brought in by introducing a plant that's already infested. This is one reason why it’s always a good idea to quarantine a new houseplant. There are over 8,000 different species of scale, each with their own preferences for the type of plant/environment they like.
WHAT DO THEY EAT? Scales are sap-sucking pests, and they’re usually not fussy about which plants they feed on.
CAN THEY FLY? Some scales do have wings, but they don’t function particularly well so they are very unlikely to use them. Spread will generally occur during their ‘crawler’ stage.
WHY ARE THEY SO HARD TO GET RID OF? Scales attach very firmly to their host plant. They also form a waxy armor coating, under which they lay eggs. These protective shields are very resistant to treatment, so it can be difficult to eliminate or prevent spread with pesticide alone. This is why mechanical removal is necessary. You may need to take several different steps or treatment options in order to eradicate them, especially if your plants are indoors where there are no biological predators. Once you’ve physically removed all visible scales, make sure to follow-up with insecticidal soap or horticultural oil to eliminate the crawlers as well.
