Botanical nomenclature - The naming of plants

This is how plants are given theirscientific names, which unlikecommons names, can be used all over the world. The scientific name for a plant will be the same no matter if you're in Spain or in Australia. Meanwhile acommon namecan even differ between cities within the same country.

- As an example: the plantFicus elasticais called Rubber plant in the USA and Window ficus (Fönsterfikus) in Sweden.

A brief history lesson

When we first began to classify plants they used common names known to the area or descriptive Latin names such asAlbus erubesco major comosus esculentus. This name is totally made up as an example but it could have described a big, white, slightly blushing hairy plant that is edible.Yum!

One of these old names that's really accurate isSolanum caule inermi herbaceo, foliis pinnatis incisiswhich translates into "Solanum with the smooth stem which is herbaceous and has incised pinnate leaves". Today we know it asSolanum lycopersicumor more commonly known asTomato.

The modern binomial system

Today, every plant is given agenusand aspeciesand this is called thebinomial system,a two-term naming system. You have for example theMonstera deliciosa.WhereMonsterais the name of the genus anddeliciosais the species name. TheMonstera deliciosais a truespecieswhich can be found in nature.

The nameMonstera deliciosamight sound like a spell from Harry Potter but it's actually a descriptive name which derives from the Latin words monstrum, meaningmonster, and deliciosa which meansdeliciousand refers to its edible fruit. A species can also be named after places and persons but in latinized form.Nepenthes attenboroughiiis for example named after the famous David Attenborough. You are however not allowed to name a species after yourself.

-When choosing the scientific name for a plant they need to follow the rules of ICN (International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants).

TheMonstera deliciosaalso belongs to afamily, in this case theAraceaefamily. Within this family you can also find species such asPhilodendron hederaceum,Epipremnum aureumandZamioculcas zamiifolia(commonly known as Heart Leaf Philodendron, Pothos and ZZ-Plant). They all belong to the samefamilyand are related but they all also belong to their owngeneraand are each an individualspecies.

Cultivar

The speciesMonstera deliciosadoes also come in different cultivars such as theMonstera deliciosa'Thai constellation'.

Acultivaris a plant which humans has bred for their specific traits. By using methods such as carefully controlled seed production, selection among seedings and by using tissue culture to propagate spontaneous mutations we have created cultivars which differ from their wild form.

Cultivar names are then chosen according to rules of ICNCP (the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants). They are not latinized like thespeciesbut has instead a more ordinary name such as 'Pink Princess', 'Thai Constellation', 'Marble Queen' and 'Gardeners Delight'. The cultivar is always written with either '' or sometimes with cv. in front of it.

- Agricultural food crops and forestry are almost exclusively cultivars. By selecting plants for characters such as improved yield, hardiness, flavour, and resistance to diseases and pests, we have taken control over what we will be able to grow and harvest. A good example of that are Kale, Cauliflower, Cabbage, Broccoli, Brussel Sprouts and Kohlrabi which all originally derive from the same wild speciesBrassica oleracea.

You will probably also come across these abbreviations

• subsp.orssp.-Subspeciesis a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics.(Crassula rupestrissubsp.marnieriana).

• var. or v.-Varietyis a rank below that of species and subspecies but above that of form. Used for when the two subjects are still the same species but have genetic differences which are demonstrated as differences that go beyond the normal cosmetic variation commonly observed among localized or regional populations of a species.(Dracaena reflexavar.angustifolia).

• f. - Formais a rank below that of variety. A form is used for a group with a noticeable morphological deviation to its species.(Austrocylindropuntia cylindricaf.cristata).

• × -Is used in the species name for hybrids (Alocasia×amazonica).Note that it's the multiplication symbol "×"and not the letter "x".

• cf. -LatinConfer/Conferaturmeaning compare. Used to describe a specimen that is hard to identify because of practical difficulties. (Schismatoglottiscf. longispatha)indicates that the specimen is in the genusSchismatoglottisand believed to be (Schismatoglottis longispatha)but the actual species-level identification cannot be certain.

• sp., aff., or affin. - Species affinisindicates that the current available material or evidence suggests that the proposed species is related to, but is not identical to, the species with the binomial name it comes after. If aff. alone is used it implies that the specimen differs slightly from the holotype and further progress is necessary to confirm that it is in fact a new species.(Hoyasp. aff.burtoniae).